The objective of this book is to present the fundamentals of reliability analysis applied to the planning and design of industrial and commercial electric power distribution systems. The intended audience for this material is primarily consulting engineers and plant electrical engineers and technicians. The design of reliable industrial and commercial power distribution systems is important because of the high cost associated with power outages. It is necessary to consider the cost of power outages when making design decisions for new power distribution systems as well as to have the ability to make quantitative "cost-versus-reliability" trade-off studies. The lack of credible data concerning equipment reliability and the cost of power outages has hindered engineers in making such studies. This edition of the IEEE Std 493 overcomes these obstacles. Remarks: Revision of IEEE Std 493-1997
- Standard Committee
- IAS/ICPS/SDC - Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Standards Development Committee
- Status
- Inactive-Reserved Standard
- PAR Approval
- 2002-12-11
- Superseding
- 493-1997
- Board Approval
- 2007-02-12
- History
-
- ANSI Approved:
- 2007-09-27
- Published:
- 2007-06-25
- Inactivated Date:
- 2021-03-25
Additional Resources
- Downloads
- 493-2007_downloads.zip
Working Group Details
- Society
- IEEE Industry Applications Society
- Standard Committee
- IAS/ICPS/SDC - Industrial & Commercial Power Systems Standards Development Committee
- Working Group
-
P1668 - P1668 Working Group
- IEEE Program Manager
- Michael Kipness
Contact Michael Kipness - Working Group Chair
- Mark Stephens
Other Activities From This Working Group
Current projects that have been authorized by the IEEE SA Standards Board to develop a standard.
No Active Projects
Standards approved by the IEEE SA Standards Board that are within the 10-year lifecycle.
1668-2017
IEEE Recommended Practice for Voltage Sag and Short Interruption Ride-Through Testing for End-Use Electrical Equipment Rated Less than 1000 V
A non-industry-specific recommended practice for voltage sag and short interruption ride-through performance and compliance testing for all electrical and electronic equipment connected to low-voltage power systems that can experience malfunction or shutdown as a result of reductions in supply voltage lasting less than one minute is detailed in this document. Testing procedures and requirements for test equipment are clearly defined within this document to reflect this electrical environment, including single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase balanced and unbalanced voltage sags. Requirements for certification and test reporting, including characterization of voltage-sag ride-through equipment are also defined.
3001.11-2017
IEEE Recommended Practice for Application of Controllers and Automation to Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
The selection and application of controllers and automation to industrial and commercial power systems is covered by this recommended practice. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience with this equipment. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3001.2-2017
IEEE Recommended Practice for Evaluating the Electrical Service Requirements of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Commercial, institutional, and industrial design of electrical services, interconnecting with a utility distribution or transmission system is explored. The electrical system information needed by the designer concerning the utility's system characteristics, and the electrical load information needed by the utility to design a satisfactory electrical interface between the serving utility and the premise electrical distribution system is considered
3001.4-2020
IEEE Recommended Practice for Estimating the Costs of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Described in this recommended practice are methods for estimating the costs of industrial and commercial power systems, both new and those undergoing expansion or modernization. This recommended practice is restricted to the development of the relative capital cost of industrial and commercial power distribution systems. While this document briefly points out considerations related to total cost or true cost, as well as some technical considerations, other standards and references should be referred to for a thorough analysis of these aspects of power distribution systems. This recommended practice is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in this area. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3002.2-2018
IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Load-Flow Studies and Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Activities related to load flow analysis, including design considerations for new systems, analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model validation considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are addressed. Load flow analysis includes steadystate power flow and voltage analysis along with considerations for optimal power flow calculations. The use of computer-aided analysis software, with a list of desirable capabilities recommended to conduct a modern load-flow study, is emphasized. Examples of system data requirements and result analysis techniques are presented.
3002.3-2018
IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Short-Circuit Studies and Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Activities related to short-circuit analysis, including design considerations for new systems, analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model validation considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are addressed. Fault current calculation and device duty evaluation is included in short-circuit analysis. Accuracy of calculation results primarily relies on system modeling assumptions and methods used. The use of computer-aided analysis software with a list of desirable capabilities recommended to conduct a modern short-circuit study is emphasized. Examples of system data requirements and result analysis techniques are presented.
3002.7-2018
IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Motor-Starting Studies and Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Activities related to motor-starting studies, including design considerations for new systems, analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model-validation considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are described. Motor-starting analysis includes evaluation of motor-starting current and voltage drop. Accuracy of calculation results primarily relies on system modeling assumptions and methods used. The use of computer-aided analysis software, with a list of desirable capabilities recommended to conduct a modern motor-starting study, is emphasized. Examples of system data requirements and result-analysis techniques are presented. Benefits obtained from motor-starting studies are discussed, and various types of computer-aided motor-starting studies are examined. Data or information required for these studies, as well as the expected results of a motor-starting study effort, are also reviewed.
3002.8-2018
IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Harmonic Studies and Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Harmonic studies and analysis of industrial and commercial power systems are described. The basic concepts involved in such studies are described first. This is followed by a discussion of how to determine the need for a harmonic study, how to assemble the required data, how to recognize potential problems, and how to implement corrective measures.
3003.1-2019
IEEE Recommended Practice for System Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Discussed in this recommended practice is the system grounding of industrial and commercial power systems. The recommended practices in this document are intended to provide explanations of how electrical systems operate. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3003.2-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for Equipment Grounding and Bonding in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
The grounding and bonding of equipment in industrial and commercial power systems is covered in this recommended practice. The interconnection and grounding of the non-electrical metallic elements of a system is covered first. This is followed by a discussion of the objectives of equipment grounding and bonding, including minimizing electric shock hazard to personnel, providing adequate current carrying capability for ground faults, and ensuring the timely operation of overcurrent protection.
3004.11-2019
IEEE Recommended Practice for Bus and Switchgear Protection in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Covered in this recommended practice is the protection of bus and switchgear used in industrial and commercial power systems. Also provided are fault protection and isolation strategies for the substation bus and switchgear, including the bus, circuit breakers, fuses, disconnecting devices, transformers, and the structures on which they are mounted.
3004.5-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Information for selecting the proper circuit breaker for a particular application is provided. Application engineers are aided in specifying the type of circuit breaker, ratings, trip functions, and accessories. Circuit breakers for special applications, e.g., instantaneous only and switches are discussed. In addition, information for applying circuit breakers at different locations in the power system and for protecting specific components is provided.
3006.2-2016
IEEE Recommended Practice for Evaluating the Reliability of Existing Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Data supporting the reliability evaluation of existing industrial and commercial power systems are described. This recommended practice is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3006.3-2017
IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Impact of Preventative Maintenance on the Reliability of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
This recommended practice describes how to determine the impact of preventive maintenance on the reliability of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3006.5-2014
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Use of Probability Methods for Conducting a Reliability Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Described in this recommended practice are ways for using probability methods to conduct a reliability analysis of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3006.8-2018
IEEE Recommended Practice for Analyzing Reliability Data for Equipment Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
This recommended practice describes data supporting the reliability evaluation of existing industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
These standards have been replaced with a revised version of the standard, or by a compilation of the original active standard and all its existing amendments, corrigenda, and errata.
No Superseded Standards
These standards have been removed from active status through a ballot where the standard is made inactive as a consensus decision of a balloting group.
No Inactive-Withdrawn Standards
These standards are removed from active status through an administrative process for standards that have not undergone a revision process within 10 years.
1015-2006
IEEE Recommended Practice for Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems [BLUE BOOK]
Information is provided for selecting the proper circuit breaker for a particular application. This recommended practice helps the application engineer specify the type of circuit breaker, ratings, trip functions, accessories, acceptance tests, and maintenance requirements. It also discusses circuit breakers for special applications, e.g., instantaneous only and switches. In addition, it provides information for applying circuit breakers at different locations in the power system, and for protecting specific components. Guidelines are also given for coordinating combinations of line-side and load-side devices.
1015-2006/Cor 1-2007
IEEE Recommended Practice for Applying Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems - Corrigendum 1
To correct technical omission/errors to IEEE Std 1015-2006 Chapter 4 4.12 Normative references Annex 7A (informative) MCCB or MCP data record 7A.6 TEST INSTRUCTIONS 7A.6.2 PRIMARY CIRCUIT INSULATION RESISTANCE 7A.6.2 j) 7A.6.2 k)
1100-2005
IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment
The IEEE Emerald Book(TM) presents a collection of consensus best practices for the powering and grounding of electronic equipment used in commercial and industrial applications.The main objective is to provide consensus recommended practices in an area where conflicting information and conflicting design philosophies have dominated. The recommended practices described are intended to enhance equipment performance while maintaining a safe installation. A description of the nature and origin of power disturbances is provided, followed by theory on the various parameters that impact power quality. Information on quantifying and resolving power and grounding related concerns using measurement and diagnostic instrumentation and standardized investigative procedures are included. Recommended power protection equipment and wiring and grounding system design practices are presented. Information on telecommunications system power protection as well as grounding, industrial system grounding, and noise control is included.Finally a selection of case studies are presented to support the recommended practices presented throughout the book.
141-1993
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
This IEEE Standards product is part of the Color Books family. A thorough analysis of basic electrical-systems considerations is presented. Guidance is provided in design, construction, and continuity of an overall system to achieve safety of life and preservation of property; reliability; simplicity of operation; voltage regulation in the utilization of equipment within the tolerance limits under all load conditions; care and maintenance; and flexibility to permit development and expansion. Recommendations are made regarding system planning; voltage considerations; surge voltage protection; system protective devices; fault calculations; grounding; power switching, transformation, and motor-control apparatus; instruments and meters; cable systems; busways; electrical energy conservation; and cost estimation.
142-2007
IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered. The advantages and disadvantages of grounded vs. ungrounded systems are discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the system should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the ground of the neutral circuits. Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric apparatus, such as motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables, conduits, building frames, and portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed. The fundamentals of making the interconnection of a ground conductor system between electric equipment and the ground rods, water pipes, etc., are outlined. The problems of static electricity– how it is generated, what processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what should be done to prevent its generation or to drain the static charges to earth to prevent sparking–are treated. Methods of protecting structures against the effects of lightning are also covered. Obtaining a low-resistance connection to earth, use of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc., are discussed. A separate chapter on electronic equipment is included.
241-1990
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings
This IEEE Standards product is part of the Color Books family. A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution systems; power distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies.
242-2001
IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
This IEEE Standards product is part of the Color Books family. System protection and coordination serve to minimize damage to a system and its components, thereby limiting the extent and duration of any service interruption occurring on any portion of the system. The IEEE Buff Book deals with the proper selection, application, and coordination of the components that constitute system protection for industrial plants and commercial buildings. The IEEE Buff Book presents complete information on protection and coordination principles designed to protect industrial and commercial power systems against any abnormalities that could reasonably be expected to occur during the course of system operation. The information is arranged in a convenient step-by-step format for easy comprehension. It is a valuable sourcebook for use at the system design stage, as well as in the modification of existing operations for better system protection. The IEEE Buff Book supports the goal of system protection by efficiently isolating and removing problems. In achieving this goal, certain design features must be utilized. One of the main design features involves the rapid isolation of the affected portion of the system, while maintaining normal operation elsewhere. Another design feature reduces the short-circuit current to minimize damage to the system, its components, and the utilization equipment it supplies. Yet another design feature provides alternate circuits, automatic throw overs, and automatic reclosing devices. These design features for system protection are the focus of the IEEE Buff Book. An errata is available at https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/erratas/242-2001_errata.pdf
3001.5-2013
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Power Distribution Apparatus in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
The selection and application of power distribution apparatus used in industrial and commercial power systems are covered in this recommended practice. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience with this equipment. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
3001.8-2013
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Instrumentation and Metering of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
This recommended practice covers the instrumentation and metering of industrial and commercial power systems. It describes the importance of metering to achieve a successful energy management process, as well as considerations that must be made when applying the latest metering technology.
3004.1-2013
IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Instrument Transformers in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
The selection and application of instrument transformers used in industrial and commercial power systems are covered in this recommended practice.
3006.7-2013
IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Reliability of 7x24 Continuous Power Systems in Industrial and Commercial Facilities
Methods for determining the reliability of 7u00d724 continuous power systems in industrial and commercial facilities are described in this recommended practice. The method of reliability analysis by probability methods is described first. This is followed by a discussion of how to evaluate the results and how to implement changes to ensure that the expected degree of reliability is achieved.
3006.9-2013
IEEE Recommended Practice for Collecting Data for Use in Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Assessments of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Collection of data for use in reliability, availability, and maintainability assessments of industrial and commercial power systems is described in this recommended practice. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.
399-1997
IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book)
This IEEE Standards product is part of the Color Books family. Today's intensely competitive business environment forces plant and building management to be very aware of the total owning cost of power distribution systems. Furthermore, these managers demand assurance of maximum return on capital investments in the power system. Power system studies are used to ensure that this maximum return is achieved, and the IEEE Brown Book is a valuable source of information about the purposes of, and techniques involved in, power system studies. The IEEE Brown Book ties together the essential fundamentals of power system studies; the most common studies for design or operation of a power system; and basic computational methods, including key information on the various types of computer systems and their requirements. By combining field experience in power system engineering with computer systems, engineers can perform detailed studies on both existing and proposed power systems. The planning, design, and operation of industrial and commercial power systems require several studies to assist in the evaluation of initial and future system performance, system reliability, safety, and the ability to grow with production and/or operating requirements. The power system analyses discussed in the IEEE Brown Book can help answer many questions about an existing system, such as the impact of expansion, the stability of the system, and the load distribution of the system. Chapters are devoted to different types of studies, and also include guidance on the preparation for these studies. Some of the studies discussed are: load flow studies, short-circuit studies, stability studies, motor starting studies, harmonic analysis studies, switching transient studies, reliability studies, cable ampacity studies, ground mat studies, coordination studies, and dc auxiliary power system analyses. As a result of focusing on computer studies, the IEEE Brown Book, in conjunction with other IEEE Color
446-1995
IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications
This Recommended Practice addresses the uses, power sources, design, and maintenance of emergency and standby power systems. Chapter 3 is a general discussion of needs for and the configuration of emergency and standby systems. Chapter 9 lists the power needs for specific industries. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the selection of power sources. Chapter 6 provides recommendations for protecting both power sources and switching equipment during fault conditions. Chapter 7 provides recommendations for design of system grounding, and Chapter 10 provides recommendations for designing to reliability objectives. Chapter 8 provides recommended maintenance practices.
551-2006
IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating AC Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
This recommended practice provides short-circuit current information including calculated short-circuit current duties for the application in industrial plants and commercial buildings, at all power system voltages, of power system equipment that senses, carries, or interrupts short-circuit currents. Equipment coverage includes, but should not be limited to, protective device sensors such as series trips and relays, passive equipment that may carry short circuit current such as bus, cable, reactors, and transformers as well as interrupters such as circuit breakers and fuses.
602-2007
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in Health Care Facilities
A recommended practice for the design and operation of electric systems in health care facilities is provided. The term health care facility as used here encompasses buildings or parts of buildings that contain hospitals, nursing homes, residential custodial care facilities, clinics, ambulatory health care centers, and medical and dental offices. Buildings or parts of buildings within an industrial or commercial complex, used as medical facilities, logically fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Remarks: Revision of IEEE Std 602-1996
739-1995
IEEE Recommended Practice for Energy Management in Industrial and Commercial Facilities
This recommended practice serves as an engineering guide for use in electrical design for energy conservation. It provides a standard design practice to assist engineers in evaluating electrical options from an energy standpoint. It establishes engineering techniques and procedures to allow efficiency optimization in the design and operation of an electrical system considering all aspects (safety, costs, environment, those occupying the facility, management needs, etc.).
902-1998
IEEE Guide for Maintenance, Operation, and Safety of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (Yellow Book)
This IEEE Standards product is part of the Color Books family. The IEEE Yellow Book provides plant engineers with a reference source for the fundamentals of safe and reliable maintenance and operation of industrial and commercial power systems, regardless of system size or complexity. The most effective utilization of the information contained in this guide would be its inclusion in a long-term maintenance and operation strategy that is tailored to the individual needs of each power system. This strategy would ensure long-term reliability and would include a procedure for auditing performance. To ensure the safety, reliability, maintenance, and operation of systems, the IEEE Yellow Book establishes specific procedures. Information is provided to offer guidance for the establishment of administrative and control procedures, as well as the organizational capabilities necessary to ensure reliable system operation. The level of performance reliability is stressed and several maintenance strategies are reviewed, including record-keeping, testing and inspection methods, and auditing maintenance and operation performance. Several chapters in the book are entirely devoted to safety issues, such as the review of safety equipment and recommendations for the management of unusual or hazardous activities.