This paper provides a brief overview of some important functional anatomy terms and concepts from a medical perspective. The scope of this paper is not to serve as a comprehensive review of all the factors that are important in footwear design but to introduce functional anatomical and biomechanical terms and concepts along with a brief discussion of the most common foot conditions and their relevance to the health implications of footwear. This paper is considered a companion paper to IEEE SA 3D Body Processing Industry Connections Comprehensive Review of Foot Measurements Terminology in Use paper. Footwear has been customized to address pain and pathology since shoes were first worn. Medical professionals (and some bespoke footwear manufacturers) currently provide this service for those with foot pathology but the emerging technologies will enable more access to custom footwear on a dramatically larger scale. Many early adopters of mass customized footwear will likely have foot conditions that have not been satisfactorily addressed with off?the?shelf shoes. Footwear manufacturers and retailers cannot be expected to diagnose and treat medical conditions but nevertheless, those providing custom footwear will need a basic understanding of some anatomical and biomechanical concepts. To follow are sections on terminology, functional anatomy, biomechanics, and common conditions of the feet. The terms and concepts discussed in this paper can be found in most medical textbooks on anatomy and the musculoskeletal system. The references used for this overview are listed at the end of the paper and numbered as [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].
- About Us
- About IEEE Standards Association Awards
- Call For Nominations
- Conformity Assessment Award
- Corporate Award
- Emerging Technology Award
- IEEE Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award
- IEEE SA Awards Ceremonies
- International Award
- Lifetime Achievement Award
- Living Standards Award
- Ron Waxman Design Automation Award
- Standards Board Distinguished Service Award
- Standards Committee Award
- Standards Medallion
- Working Group Chair Award
- About the Board of Governors
- About the Industry Connections Committee (ICCom)
- Awards and Recognition Committee
- Board of Governors Meeting Information
- Board of Governors Meeting Notice
- Board of Governors Resolutions
- Board of Governors Subgroup Approvals
- Entity Collaborative Activities Governance Board
- External Representatives
- Open Source Committee
- Registration Authority Committee
- About the IEEE SA Standards Board
- About the Audit Committee (AudCom)
- About the New Standards Committee (NesCom)
- About the Standards Review Committee (RevCom)
- Patent Committee (PatCom)
- Procedures Committee (ProCom)
- Standards Board Approvals
- 21 March 2024
- 15 February 2024
- 6 December 2023
- 08 November 2023
- 21 September 2023
- 29 June 2023
- 05 June 2023
- 30 March 2023
- 15 February 2023
- 03 December 2022
- 08/10 November 2022
- 21 September 2022
- 16 June 2022
- 13 May 2022
- 24 March 2022
- 09/23 February 2022
- 08 December 2021
- 09 November 2021
- 23 September 2021
- 16 June 2021
- 09/21 May 2021
- 25 March 2021
- 09/10 February 2021
- 03 December 2020
- 24 September 2020
- 03 June 2020
- 15 May 2020
- 05 March 2020
- 13 February 2020
- 07 November 2019
- 05 September 2019
- 13 June 2019
- 21 May 2019
- 21 March 2019
- 08 February 2019
- 05 December 2018
- 23/30 October 2018
- 27 September 2018
- 14 June 2018
- 14 May 2018
- 08 March 2018
- 15 February 2018
- 06 December 2017
- 28 September 2017
- 15 June 2017
- 18 May 2017
- 23 March 2017
- 14/17 February 2017
- 07 December 2016
- 22 September 2016
- 30 June 2016
- 12/15 May 2016
- 03 March 2016
- 05/12 February 2016
- 05 December 2015
- 26 October 2015
- 03 September 2015
- 11 June 2015
- 26 March 2015
- 16 February 2015
- Standards Board Meeting Announcement
- Standards Board Meeting Information
- Standards Board Resolutions
- Welcome
- Contact Us
- Distributor Partner Program
- Government Engagement
- Membership
- Policies and Procedures
- IEEE Standards-Related Public Policy Communications Archive
- Operations Manual
- Standards Board Bylaws
- Standards Board Operations Manual
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 1
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 2
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 3
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 4
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 5
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 6
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 7
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 8
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 9
- Standards Board Operations Manual - Clause 10
- Standards in Action
- Training + Development
- What is IEEE SA Governance?
- About IEEE Standards Association Awards
- Copyright for Contributions to IEEE Standards Development
- COVID-19
- Developing Standards
- Downloads
- Events
- 3DBP
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day
- 2020 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day - Special Notice
- 2020 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Week
- 2021 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day
- 2022 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day
- 2023 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day
- EIP@ATD Call for Abstracts Submission Form
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Week
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day: Committees
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day: Contact Us
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day: Exhibitors & Supporters
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day: Registration
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day Foreign National Entry Information to Japan
- Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day Visa Invitation Letter Form
- GCHC
- Connected Healthcare Cybersecurity Technology and Policy
- Data and Device Identity, Validation, and Interoperability in Connected Healthcare
- Global Connected Healthcare Cybersecurity Risks and Roadmap
- Global Connected Healthcare Integrated Systems Design
- Privacy, Ethics & Trust in Connected Healthcare
- Government Engagement Events
- Measurementality Series
- WAMIII
- WSIS
- FAQs
- Augmented Reality
- Awards
- Balloting Service & Ballot Group Formation
- Concentration Banking and Financial Reporting
- Copyright FAQs for Participants
- Disclosures of Affiliation
- Dominance FAQs
- IEEE Conformity Assessment Program (ICAP)
- IEEE National Standard Adoption Program
- IEEE Registration Authority
- IEEE SA Entity Membership FAQs
- IEEE SA Individual Membership FAQs
- Leadership Training
- Maintenance of IEEE Standards FAQs
- Mandatory Coordination
- Normative References FAQ
- PARs, PAR Forms & Continuous Processing
- Public Review
- Recirculating a Standard
- Sharing of Drafts by IEEE Standards Working Groups
- Submitting a Draft Standard for Approval
- The Entity Standards Development Process FAQs
- The Role of External Representatives
- The Working Group Development Process
- Featured
- Home
- Homepage Items
- How to Get Involved
- Industry Connections
- 3D
- Activities
- 6G Technology for Connectivity & Telecom Systems
- Coalition for Advanced Reactor Licensing (CARL)
- Data Quality Standards of Electronic Health Records Workgroup
- Decentralized Metaverse Initiative
- Electric Energy Resources Interconnection Standards Collaborative (ISC)
- Energy and Water Nexus
- Evaluation Measurement of Absorbed Power Density From Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Devices
- Hybrid Quantum-Inspired Internet Protocol
- IEEE IoT Sensors Advisory Committee
- IEEE Sustainable Development Platform
- Impact Assessment Framework for Sustainable Mobility Systems
- Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR)
- Persistent Computing for Metaverse Initiative
- Smart Identification in Internet of Things (IoT)
- Spatial Computing for Metaverse Initiative
- Specific Absorption Rate Measurement Systems
- Standardization Roadmap on Quantum Applications
- Strengthening Telecom Standardization Activities in India
- Supply Chain and Asset Traceability for Electric Grid (SCATE)
- Sustainability for Connectivity & Telecom Systems
- Sustainable Maritime
- The IEEE Global Initiative on Trust Technology
- Trusted Decentralized Networking Towards 6G Era
- Unmanned Aerial Systems Forum
- Zero Trust Cybersecurity for Health Technology Tools, Services, and Devices
- African Standardization Strategy and Roadmap for the Fourth Industrial Revolution
- AI-Driven Innovation for Cities and People
- Association for Digital Transformation
- Best Practice Guide to Developing Ethically Aligned Standards
- Clinical Trial Technology Modernization Network (CTTMN)
- Closed Activities
- Cyber Security for Next Generation Connectivity Systems
- Digital Intelligence
- Dignity, Inclusion, Identity, Trust, and Agency
- Disaster Recovery for Blockchain Nodes and Enterprise Workloads
- Enabling a Smart and Equitable Agriculture Ecosystem
- Ethical Assurance of Data-Driven Technologies for Mental Healthcare
- Ethically Aligned Design
- Global Artificial Intelligence Systems (AIS) Well-Being Initiative
- Global Initiative on Digital Transformation of Pandemic Surveillance
- Groups
- High Power Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
- Holistic Digital Resilience Ecosystem for Disaster and Emergency Preparedness, Mitigation and Response: Frameworks, Toolkits and Guidelines
- IEEE 802 Network Enhancements for the Next Decade Industry Connections Activity (Nendica)
- IEEE 2030.5™ Ecosystem Steering Committee
- IEEE Ecosystem Steering Committee
- IEEE SA Industry Rapid Activator Program (IRAP)
- IEEE VR/AR Advisory Board
- Implementation Roadmap for Systemic EV Adoption in India and Asia
- Industry Connections New Ethernet Applications
- IoT Ecosystem Security
- Meta Issues in Cybersecurity
- Mobile and Transportable Energy Storage Systems – Technology Readiness, Safety and Operation
- Neurotechnologies for Brain-Machine Interfacing
- Nurturing the Era of End-to-End Mobility as a Service (MaaS): Standards for Connected and Autonomous Transportation
- Open Data
- Open RAN (Radio Access Network)
- Power Line Communication (PLC) in India
- Pre-Standardization Studies for Indian Language Resources
- Research Group on Issues of Autonomy and AI for Defense Systems
- Responsible Innovation of AI and the Life Sciences
- Roadmap for the Development and Implementation of Standard-Oriented Knowledge Graphs
- Rural Communication
- Social Impact Measurement (SIM)
- Support
- Sustainable Infrastructures and Community Development Program
- Synthetic Data
- The Ethics Certification Program for Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (ECPAIS)
- The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality
- Transdisciplinary Framework for 5G, Future Networks Applications, and Services
- Transforming the Telehealth Paradigm: Sustainable Connectivity, Accessibility, Privacy, and Security for All
- Initiatives
- Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (AIS)
- AIS Communities
- AIS Standards
- Applied Case Studies for Designing Trustworthy Digital Experiences for Children
- Applied Children’s Case Studies
- IEEE SA Children's Data Governance Applied Case Study Report
- Report: Addressing Ethical Dilemmas in AI: Listening to Engineers Report
- Report: Decoupling Human Characteristics from Algorithmic Capabilities
- Open Source
- Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (AIS)
- News
- Practices
- Connectivity & Telecom
- Energy
- Foundational Technologies
- Healthcare and Life Sciences
- Bio/Pharmaceutical
- Clinical Health
- Explore Related Standards
- Global Connected Healthcare Cybersecurity Workshop Series
- Global Wellness
- IEEE SA Healthcare & Life Sciences Industry Connections Programs
- IEEE Standards & Projects for Agriculture
- Our Team
- Our Vision
- Re-Think Health Podcast Series
- Videos & Webinars
- Wearables and Medical IoT Interoperability and Intelligence (WAMIII)
- Mobility
- Products & Programs
- Alliance Management Services
- IEEE Conformity Assessment Program (ICAP)
- Certification Registries
- IEEE 1547 Regulator User-Space
- IEEE CertifAIEd™
- IEEE Conformity Assessment Program (ICAP) Programs
- IEEE Blockchain Conformity Assessment Program
- IEEE Electric Vehicle Charging Conformity Assessment Program
- IEEE Medical Device Cybersecurity Certification Program
- IEEE Sensors Registry
- IEEE Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Certification Program
- Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources
- Nuclear Power Electrical Equipment
- Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
- Precision Time Protocol - Power Profile
- Standard for Resilient Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) User Equipment
- IEEE GET Program™
- IEEE SA Color Books (3000 Series)
- Industry Affiliate Network (IAN)
- Registration Authority
- About AcpcTreeId
- About PSID
- About sdoId
- CID
- Contact Us
- CtlSeriesId
- EtherType™
- IEEE 802.16 Operator ID (OpID)
- Information Change Form
- Logical Link Control (LLC)
- MA-L
- MA-M
- MA-S
- MAC Addresses
- Manufacturer ID
- Silo Type Identifier (STID)
- Standards Group MAC Address
- Template Description Language (TDL)
- Tutorials
- Unique Registration Number
- Standards Related Products
- The National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®)
- Projects
- Search
- Sitemap
- Standards
- Thank You
- Access Standards
- Templates
- Template: Aggregate
- Template: Aggregate - Alt
- Template: Event - Contact Us
- Template: Event - Exhibitor & Supporter
- Template: Event - Home
- Template: Event - Program / Agenda
- Template: Event - Registration
- Template: Event - Single Page
- Template: Event - Speaker
- Template: Event - Speakers / Moderators
- Template: Event - Venue
- Template: Governance
- Template: News
- Template: Practices
- Template: View All
- Template: View All - Alt