IEEE Std 487-1992 IEEE Recommended Practice for the Protection of Wire-Line Communication Facilities Serving Electric Power Stations -Description

Abstract: Workable methods for protecting wire-line communication circuits entering power stations are presented. This document covers: the electric power station environment; protection apparatus; services types, reliability, service performance objective classifications, and transmission considerations; protection theory and philosophy; protection configurations; installation and inspection; and safety.

Keywords: wire-line communication, protection

Content

• 1. Scope
• 2. Introduction
• 3. References
• 4. Definitions
• 5. Electric Power Station Environment
• • 5.1 General
  • 5.2 Coupling
  • 5.3 Disturbances
  • • 5.3.1 Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
    • 5.3.2 Longitudinal Induction
    • 5.3.3 Lightning
    • 5.3.4 Switching Surges
    • 5.3.5 Other Disturbances
• 6. Protection Apparatus
• • 6.1 General
  • 6.2 Carbon Block Protectors
  • 6.3 Gas-Filled Protectors
  • 6.4 Solid-State Protectors
  • 6.5 Spark Gaps
  • 6.6 Horn Gaps
  • 6.7 Surge Protective Devices
  • 6.8 Isolating Transformers
  • 6.9 Neutralizing Transformers and Reactors
  • 6.10 Drainage Units or Drainage Reactors
  • 6.11 High-Voltage Isolating Relays
  • 6.12 Isolating Transformers With High-Voltage Isolating Relays
  • 6.13 Short-Circuiting or Grounding Relays
  • 6.14 Special Combination Protective Devices (Open-Wire or Hot-Line Protectors)
  • 6.15 Optic Coupling Device
  • 6.16 High-Voltage Disconnect Jacks
  • 6.17 Overhead Insulated Ground (Static or Sky) Wire-Coupling Protector
  • 6.18 Cable in the GPR Zone of Influence
• 7. Service Types, Reliability, Service Performance Objective (SPO) Classifications, and Transmission Considerations
• • 7.1 General
  • 7.2 Service Types
  • 7.3 Service Performance Objective (SPO) Classifications
  • 7.4 Class A Service Performance Objective Considerations
  • 7.5 Class B Service Performance Considerations
  • 7.6 Class C Service Performance Considerations
  • 7.7 Transmission Considerations
• 8. Protection Theory and Philosophy
• • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Special Wire-Line Protection Design Requirements
  • 8.3 Dedicated Cable
  • 8.4 Resistive Balance
  • 8.5 Concepts and Concerns
  • 8.6 General-Use Telecommunication Cable in the Power Station GPR Zone of Influence
• 9. Protection Configurations
• • 9.1 General
  • 9.2 Ground Potential Rise (GPR) Plus Induced Voltage Levels
  • • 9.2.1 Voltage Level Quantification
  • 9.3 Basic Protection System
  • 9.4 Protection Configurations Employing Isolation Devices
  • • 9.4.1 General
    • 9.4.2 Basic Isolation Protection Configuration
    • 9.4.3 Protection at the Power Station
    • 9.4.4 Protection at the Central Office or Nonpower Station Remote Location
    • 9.4.5 General Isolation Protection Configuration
    • 9.4.6 Composite Protection System
  • 9.5 Protection Configurations Employing Neutralizing Transformers
  • 9.6 Protection Configuration Employing Neutralizing in Parallel With Isolation on Separate Pairs
  • 9.7 Protection Configuration Employing Neutralizing in Tandem With Isolation
  • 9.8 Protection Configuration Employing Optic Coupling Devices
  • 9.9 Protection Configuration Employing Short-Circuiting or Grounding Relays on Open-Wire Circuits
  • 9.10 Description of a Protection Scheme for Carrier on Overhead Insulated Ground Wires
  • 9.11 Protection Practices for Power Station Services
  • • 9.11.1 General
    • 9.11.2 Description of Protection Table and Protection Schematic Chart
• 10. Installation and Inspection Considerations
• • 10.1 Installation Considerations Related to Neutralizing Transformers
  • 10.2 Periodic Inspection
• 11. Safety
• • 11.1 General Safety Considerations
  • 11.2 Safety Considerations in Equipment Design
  • 11.3 Safety Related to Installation and Maintenance
• 12. Activities of Other Standards Developing and Technical Organizations
• 13. Summary
• 14. Bibliography
• Annex A Characteristics of Protection Apparatus
• • A.1 Air Gap Protectors
  • A.2 Gas Tube Characteristics
  • A.3 Solid-State Protector (SSP) Characteristics
  • A.4 Isolating or Combined Isolating and Drainage Transformers
  • • A.4.1 Typical Specifications for a General Purpose Telephone-Class Combined Isolating and Drainage Transformer
    • A.4.2 Typical Specifications
  • A.5 Neutralizing Transformer and Neutralizing Reactors (Theory and Design Concepts)
  • • A.5.1 Neutralizing Transformer and Reactor Operation
    • A.5.2 Neutralizing Transformer and Reactor Concept — Design Alternatives
    • A.5.3 Typical Specifications for Neutralizing Transformers
    • A.5.4 Use of DC Blocking or AC Exciting Capacitors, or Both
    • A.5.5 User Information Required for Preparing a Neutralizing Transformer Design Specification
    • A.5.6 Neutralizing Transformer Installation Design Examples
  • A.6 Telephone-Type Drainage Units
  • • A.6.1 Typical Specifications for a Telephone-Type Drainage Unit
    • A.6.2 Typical Specifications for Drainage Unit
  • A.7 Typical Specifications for a High-Voltage Isolating Relay
  • A.8 Isolating Transformer With High-Voltage Isolating Relay
  • • A.8.1 Description
    • A.8.2 Typical Specifications for Isolating Transformer and High-Voltage Repeating Relay Assembly
  • A.9 Special Combination Protective Devices (Open-Wire or Hot-Line Protector)
  • • A.9.1 Description
    • A.9.2 Typical Specification for an Open Wire-Line or Hot-Line Telephone Protector
  • A.10 Grounding Relays
  • • A.10.1 Typical Specifications for Grounding Relays
  • A.11 Typical Specifications for Optical Coupler (Optic Coupling Device)
  • A.12 Typical Specification for High-Voltage Disconnect Jacks
  • A.13 Telecommunications Cable in the Power Station GPR Zone of Influence
  • • A.13.1 General-Use Telecommunications Cable in the Power Station GPR Zone of Influence
    • A.13.2 Dedicated High Dielectric Cable in the Power Station GPR Zone of Influence
• Annex B Comparison of Carbon Blocks, Gas Tubes, and Solid-State Protectors
• • B.1 Comparison of Gap-Type Protector Characteristics
  • • B.1.1 DC Breakdown
    • B.1.2 Impulse Breakdown
    • B.1.3 Repeatability
    • B.1.4 Maintenance
    • B.1.5 Reliability
    • B.1.6 Noise
    • B.1.7 Selection of Gaps for the Proposed Protection Scheme
  • B.2 Comparison of Solid-State Protectors With Gas Tubes and Carbon Blocks
  • • B.2.1 DC Breakdown
    • B.2.2 Impulse Breakdown
    • B.2.3 Repeatability
    • B.2.4 Maintenance and Reliability
    • B.2.5 Noise
    • B.2.6 Temperature
    • B.2.7 Capacitance
• Annex C Protection of Isolating, Drainage, and Neutralizing Transformers and Other Apparatus by Surge Arresters
• • C.1 Possible Modes of Applied Voltage
  • C.2 Equipment Insulation Level
  • C.3 Protection of the Transformer or Other Apparatus
  • C.4 Selection of the Arrester
  • • C.4.1 Types of Arresters
    • C.4.2 Rating of Arresters
    • C.4.3 Surge Arrester Characteristics
• Annex D Transmission Characteristics and SPO Requirements for Various Communication Channels
• Annex A DC Offset Waveform Development
• AA1 Sine Wave
• AA2 Sinusoidal Wave
• AA3 Effective Current
• AA4 RMS Current
• AA5 Symmetrical Current
• AA6 Asymmetrical Current
• AA7 Offset Current
• AA8 DC Component
• AA9 Total Current
• AA10 Decay
• AA11 Closing Angle
• AA12 Random closing
• Annex B Fiber-Optic Isolation Systems
• BB1 General
• BB2 Protection Configurations Employing Fiber-Optic Isolation Systems
• • BB2.1 Isolation Requirements
  • BB2.2 Equipment Placement
  • • BB2.2.3 Powering Requirements

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