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Tables provide a clear and concise way of presenting large amounts of data in a small space. Table 2 shows the nomenclature used for the parts of a table, and Table 3 provides a substantive example that can be used as a model.
Except for informal tables (see 15.6), tables should be given a number and a concise title and should be cited in the text with the word Table followed by the number. (See 15.3 for information on the numbering of tables.) Tables should be boxed and ruled, as shown in Table 2 and Table 3.8 Whenever possible, tables should be organized to fit on a single page. When a table must carry over for more than one page, complete column headings should be repeated at the top of successive pages. The table number and title should be repeated at the top of the page as follows: “Table 1—Title (continued).”
Tables should be numbered consecutively in a separate series and in the order of their reference in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Hyphenated numbers should not be used except in standards of considerable length. In the latter case, it is appropriate to label the first table in a clause with the number 1, preceded by the clause number (e.g., Table 6-1, Table 6-2).
Tables included in annexes should also carry the identifying letter of the annex in which they appear, followed by a period. For example, the first table in Annex A should be identified as Table A.1.
Tables should be referenced in the text by the word Table and its number only (e.g., “see Table 1”). If referring to two or more tables in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use “see Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3,” instead of “see Tables 1 through 3.”
Only the initial letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized in
— Table titles — Column and line headings in tables (see Table 2)
NOTE—See 16.2 for information on the numbering of figures.
Units of measure shall always be provided either in the title, in parentheses in the column headings, or in a note. The same units of measure shall be used throughout each column; ohms shall not be combined with megohms, millimeters with centimeters, or seconds with minutes. To save space, abbreviations and letter symbols should be used in column and line headings wherever possible. (See IEEE Std 260.1 and other standards in Clause 2 for the appropriate abbreviations and symbols for use in standards.)
To facilitate the comprehension of numbers, digits should be separated into groups of three, counting from the decimal point toward the left and right. The groups should be separated by a space, rather than by a comma, period, or dash. If the magnitude of the number is less than one, the decimal point should be preceded by a zero. In numbers of four digits, the space is not necessary, unless four-digit numbers are grouped in a column with numbers of five digits or more.
Examples:
All numbers should be aligned at the decimal point. The width of the columns may vary to accommodate the length of the longest entry in each column. Only as many significant digits should be used as the precision of data justifies. Decimals should be used in tabulations unless fractions are commonly used in the field. Fractions and decimals shall not be combined in the same table. A dash should be used to indicate the lack of data for a particular cell in a table.
A note to a table is not an official part of the standard and should immediately follow the table to which it belongs. If the text is mandatory, it should appear in the body of the standard or in a footnote to the table. Important information on safety, health, or the environment should not be included in notes to tables. Notes to a table should appear before any table footnotes in the following order:
Footnotes to tables may contain mandatory information. They should be marked with lowercase letters starting with “a” for each table.
NOTE 1—See Table 3 for examples of these notes.
NOTE 2—See Clause 18 for information on the style for notes.
Simple tabulations that are not referred to outside of the subclause in which they appear may be organized into informal tables that do not exceed five or six lines in depth; no table number or title is required. However, it is recommended that all tables be numbered and titled if possible.
Working groups shall obtain permission to use any table from another source, including from a manufacturer, preferably prior to using it in a draft standard (see 4.1 and Clause 5).
Figures appropriate for use in IEEE standards may be black and white graphs, charts, schematic drawings, or photographs. Most working groups now prepare figures in electronic form by using a drawing program or scanner to capture printed material. It is important to keep in mind when preparing figures that coordination with the IEEE Standards Department at the earliest stage can help ensure the most accurate and timely publication of a standard after approval. An IEEE Standards project editor should be contacted while figures are still in development.9
The following guidelines should be followed when preparing electronic art:
Working groups shall obtain permission to use any figure taken from another source, including from a manufacturer, preferably prior to using it in a draft standard (see 4.1 and Clause 2).
A figure shall be labeled by the word Figure followed by a number, a dash, and a title as shown in Figure 4.
Figures should be numbered consecutively in a separate series and in the order of their reference in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). Hyphenated numbers should not be used except in standards of considerable length. In the latter case, it is appropriate to label the first figure in a clause with the number 1, preceded by the clause number (e.g., Figure 6-1, Figure 6-2, Figure 6-3).
Figures included in annexes should carry the identifying letter of the annex in which they appear, followed by a period. For example, the first figure in Annex A should be identified as Figure A.1.
A figure should be referenced in the text by the word Figure and its number only (e.g., “see Figure 1”). If referring to two or more figures in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use “see Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3,” instead of “see Figures 1 through 3.”
Only the initial letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalized in figure titles.
NOTE—See 15.3 for information on the numbering of tables.
A note to a figure is not an official part of the standard and should immediately follow the figure to which it belongs. (See Clause 18 for information on the style for notes.) If the text is mandatory, it should appear in the body of the standard. Important information on safety, health, or the environment shall not be included in notes to figures. Notes to a figure should appear in the following order:
Footnotes to figures may contain mandatory information. They should be marked with lowercase letters starting with “a” for each figure. (See Figure A.1 in Annex B.)
Letter symbols from applicable IEEE standards (see Clause 2) should be used in preparing mathematical expressions. (See 14.3 for a discussion of letter symbols.)
All terms shall be defined, including both quantities and units, in a tabulation following the equation [see Equation (1)]. The list should be preceded by the word where, followed by the list of variables and corresponding definitions.
If the standard contains more than one equation, then equations of key importance should be numbered consecutively in parentheses at the right margin. Derivations of equations or examples where values are substituted for variables need not be numbered.
An equation should be cited in the text by the word Equation and its number only [e.g., “see Equation (1)”]. If referring to two or more equations in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use “see Equation (1), Equation (2), and Equation (3),” instead of “see Equations (1) through (3).”
A multiplication sign (×), rather than letter “x” or a multidot (·), should be used to indicate multiplication of numbers and numerical values.
Although the stacked
style of fractions is preferred, exceptions should made in text to avoid printing
more than two lines of type. For example, in text a/b is preferable to
.
The general rules regarding the use of upright and italic text in equations [see Equation (1)] are as follows:
Table 4 lists a number of functions and operators that are commonly set in upright text.
Further examples of the presentation of equations are given in Equation (2) and Equation (3). Equation (2) illustrates the use of italics and exponential function in an equation. Equation (3) shows the alternative use of exponential function to avoid double superscripts.
- Cd3 is the correction factor for decay during sample collection
is the radionuclide decay constant
- Ts is the sampling duration
- e is the base of the natural logarithm
- Y(x) is the amplitude of the Gaussian function at channel x
- Y0 is the height of the Gaussian at the centroid channel
- x is the channel number
- x0 is the centroid of the Gaussian
- f is the width of the Gaussian
Equations shall be dimensionally correct. Equations may be
in either quantity equation form or in numerical value equation form. Stipulation
of units for substituted values in the variable list below the equation does
not suffice to meet this requirement.
A quantity equation is valid regardless of the units used with the substituted values, once any unit conversions and prefix scaling factors have been taken into account. For example, F = ma is always correct.
A numerical value equation depends on the use of particular units and prefixes. Such equations may be presented in one of two forms. One form represents a numerical relationship among quantities whose dimensions have been reduced to 1 due to division by the appropriate (prefixed) units. For example,
t/°C = T/K – 273.15 .
The other form annotates the quantities with the units to be used.
For example,
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{t}
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°C | = {T} |
K
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– 273.15 . |
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